Report For The Child Protection Case Conference Social Work Essay Essay Example

Report For The Child Protection Case Conference Social Work Essay Essay This study is prepared for the usage of a Child Protection Case Conference for the five members of the Jones household. The Jones household consists of Mark ( 25 ) And Sue ( 21 ) and their three kids John ( 6 ) , Emma ( 4 ) and David who is merely 3 hebdomads old. The conference is being held to see the extent to which the demands of John, Emma and David are being met, as besides the hazards to which they are exposed. With the Child Protection Conference being a meeting between the parents of kids and the people from different bureaus who know the household, this study aims to supply a brief item of the household scenario and a brooding commentary on the household fortunes, appropriately supported by the theoretical and practical cognition of the writer on the hazards faced by the kids and the model chosen for such hazard appraisal. This introductory subdivision is followed by a brief overview of the instance, a brooding commentary and eventually a summational subdivision. 2. Brief Case Details We will write a custom essay sample on Report For The Child Protection Case Conference Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report For The Child Protection Case Conference Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report For The Child Protection Case Conference Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The appendix to this study provides inside informations about the household scenario and can be accessed by users of this study. To province really briefly, the Jones household has three kids. John, the eldest kid suffers from address holds and is exhibiting behavioral troubles at place and school. He demands single attending and has inclinations for unmanageable choler and physical force with kids every bit good as adults. He has besides exhibited delinquent behavior and has been reported for daze lifting. Emma, the 2nd kid is good natured, loves traveling to school, has been assessed to be developmentally advanced and loves her male parent. David, the freshly born is a premature kid and is non in the best of wellness. It is hard to feed him and he cries frequently. Mark Jones the male parent has a history of young person offense, condemnable behavior and domestic maltreatment. He has grown up in hapless societal and economic fortunes and is now working as a driver of heavy vehicles , a occupation that frequently keeps him off from place. Sue the female parent, had her foremost kid when she was 15 and suffered from station natal depression. Not in the best of wellness and holding suffered from domestic maltreatment, she finds it hard to take attention of her three kids. Whilst she comes from an flush background, she has small contact with her parents, who disapprove of Mark. 3. Brooding Comment Caring and protecting kids is now at the really nucleus of the societal work system of the UK ( Cleaver, 2004, p 14 ) . Whilst the importance of protecting, fostering and alimentary kids and the demand to supply them with appropriate environments for accomplishment of physical, emotional and mental development has ever been felt to be of import by policy shapers in the UK, a figure of episodes that have taken topographic point over the old ages show that kids continue to be exposed to assorted unsafe and need suitable protection. The deceases of Victoria Climbie and Aliyah Ismail in 2000 and 1998 ( BBC News, 2005, p 1 ) created tremendous media tumult and public indignation and led to legion legal and policy steps that aimed to protect and safeguard kids ( Norton, 1999, p 1 ) . The recent deceases of Baby Peter and Khyra Ishaq, who died in awful fortunes, the first on history of force at the place ( Duncan, et Al, 2008, p 1 ) and the 2nd from famishment, revealed that kids continue t o be in danger and in demand of protection and safety, both in and out of their families ( Carter, 2010, p 1 ) . Appendix 2 provides dismaying inside informations on a figure of kids who experienced force that resulted in serious hurt and even decease. I have, in these fortunes tried to synthesize the assorted legal and policy steps that are available in the UK for protection and safety of kids every bit good as appraisal of the hazards to which they are exposed, for the consideration of the Child Protection Conference on the demands of the kids of the Jones Family. The legislative model for kid protection in England and Wales is provided by the Children Act 1989, farther amended by the Children Act 2004 ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . The act defines injury as sick intervention or damage of physical or mental wellness or physical, emotional, societal, rational or behavioral development. The act besides enshrines of import rules. The paramountcy rule implies that the kid s public assistance should be paramount for determinations on his or her upbringing. The wants and feelings of kids should besides be ascertained before the passing of any order ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . All attempts should be made for saving of the place and household links of kids. The jurisprudence besides underlines the importance of parental duty in the conveying up of kids ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . A figure of other Acts of the Apostless like the Children and Young Persons Act 2008 and the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 and the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 besides lay down the jurisprudence on protection of kids in different fortunes ( NSPCC, 2010b, p 4 ) . Apart from extended statute law for safeguarding and protecting kids, the authorities has introduced a series of policy steps after the decease of Victoria Climbie and the publication of the Laming Report in 2003 ( Department of Health, 2003, p 7 ) . The Every Child Matters Programme inside informations governmental policy for guaranting the safety, nourishment, growing and development of all kids in the state ( Department for EducationaˆÂ ¦ , 2005, p 4 ) . The counsel Working Together to Safeguard Children: a Guide to Inter-Agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children defines kid maltreatment and neglect and provides counsel on the action that bureaus should take to protect kids. The Framework for the Assessment of Children in demand and their Families provides counsel to professionals to place kids in demand and determine the best possible ways of assisting such kids and their households ( NSPCC, 2010a, p 3 ) . The kids in the Jones household are being presently challenged by hard fortunes. Mark, the male parent has a occupation that keeps him off from place for long periods and he is therefore non truly able to assist in family work or conveying up the kids, except by fiscal support. He has a history of criminalism and domestic force. Even though it should be considered that he is undergoing an choler direction programme in order to get the better of his emotional instability. Sue, the female parent is merely 21 and has already had three kids. She besides has a history of station natal depression, which could perchance come up once more after the birth of David, the youngest kid who is non even a month old. Coming from an flush household, with whom she is estranged for some old ages, she is evidently fresh to the really hard household fortunes in which she is placed and the duties of a female parent of three kids. The opportunities of all three kids being neglected is really high in these fortunes, where the male parent is non at place most of the clip and is seeking to get the better of his emotional instability and aggressive behavior and the female parent is prone to depression, physically tired and worn out and has been burdened with the duties of caring for and conveying up three immature kids. The three kids in the household face the existent danger of physical and emotional disregard. Such disregard could specifically harm their physical, emotional and cognitive well-being and development, affect their public presentation at school, expose them to dangers of under nutriment and unwellness and badly impact their life opportunities ( Howe, 2005, p 31 ) . Neglected kids are besides more prone to truant behavior and substance maltreatment. John the eldest kid already suffers from address jobs, fond regard upsets, attending seeking behavioral jobs, uncontrolled choler and inclinations for force. Such a state of affairs could hold arisen because of attending shortages in his early childhood old ages and greater attending being given to his younger sister by his male parent. John now poses a serious physical menace to his two younger siblings because of his fury and violent temperament. Emma and David are unfastened to the hazards of disregard, every bit good as physical injury. Whilst Emma is the front-runner of the household and portions really good relationships with her parents and may non hence be exposed to pretermit, the status of the youngest kid David is unstable. A premature kid who is given to enduring from colic, David needs excess attention, support and nutriment, which may clearly be beyond the ability and capacity of Sue, in her frame physical status and her history of station natal depression. Apart from disregard, which could harm her physical and emotional development at a important period in her life, he besides faces the menace of physical force from John, who can good ache him severely in a tantrum of fury, if his demands for attending are non met. I feel it to be really obvious that the three kids in the Jones household are at considerable hazard, all three from disregard and the younger two besides from force. The GIRFEC ( acquiring it right for every kid ) theoretical account provides a new attack for designation and meeting of demands of kids. The theoretical account places the well-being of kids and provides a common model for appraisal, planning and intercession across all bureaus ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . Whilst the GIRFEC is a comprehensive theoretical account, it is specifically focused on taking the whole kid attack, puting the kid at the Centre and maintaining kids emotionally and physically safe. Its scope is therefore broader than mere child protection ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . It adopts a holistic position and an grounds based attack, wherein the engagement and sentiments of the kid and parents are of import for good results. The theoretical account has three of import constituents, viz. the We llbeing Indicators, My Word Triangle and the Resilience Matrix, which can be used both individually and together for happening the best solution for kids in demand ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . The My Word Triangle in peculiar provides counsel to societal workers on what kids need from people who look after them. These include ( a ) everyday attention and aid, ( B ) maintaining the kid safe and ( degree Celsius ) being there for the kid. These three issues are specifically of import for sing the fortunes of the three kids of the Jones household ( Lamey A ; Rattray, 2009, p 2 ) . 4. Drumhead and Decision This study has been prepared for the Child Protection Case Conference to see the demands of the kids of the Jones household, the extent to which they are being met and what more demands to be done to guarantee the safety, development and growing of these kids. Appraisal of hazard and guaranting safety of kids is a critical component of current societal work theory and pattern in the UK. Extant statute law and programmes call upon societal workers and other concerned bureaus like the instruction and wellness services to work in close cooperation and coaction with each other to guarantee the safety and protection of kids in demand and at hazard with the aid of specific appraisal models, tools and procedures. An application of the GIRFEC theoretical account reveals that the kids of the Jones household could confront troubles on history of their parents non being able to supply equal mundane attention and aid, maintaining them safe and being at that place to guarantee their physical and emotional attention. These fortunes become more baleful in visible radiation of the female parents frail wellness and past history of station natal depression, the frequent absence of the male parent from place on history of his work and the violent inclinations and behavioral jobs of the eldest kid. The conference must see all these fortunes in order to suitably measure the demands of the kids and the extent to which they are being met and thenceforth to be after for appropriate interventionist action. Bibliography BBC News, 2005, Climbie study impulses childcare reform , Available at: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in /uk/ /victoria_climbie /default.stm ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Birchall A ; Hallett, C. , 1995, Working together in Child Protection, London: HMSO. Bodley, A. , Risk Assessment and Child Protection , Creative Minds, Available at: www.mylearning.org/learning/science /Child % 20Protection.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Brandon, M. , Howe, H. , Dagley, V. , Salter, C. , Warren, C. , 2006, What appears to be assisting or impeding Practitioners in Implementing the common appraisal Framework and lead , Professional working Child maltreatment Review, 15: 395-413. Carter, H. , 2010, The calamity of Khyra Ishaq s decease , Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/ /khyra-ishaq-starving-death-background ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Cleaver, H. , A ; Walker, S. , 2004, Measuring kids s demands and Fortunes, London: Jessica Kingsley. Department of Health, 2000, Measuring kids in demand and their households: pattern guidelines, London: the Stationery office. Department of Health, 2003, The Victoria Climbie Inquiry study of an enquiry by Lord Laming , Available at: www.dh.gov.uk aˆ?A HomeA aˆ?A Publications ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Department for Education and accomplishments, 2005, Every Child Matters, Green paper London: HMSO Duncan, C. , Jones, S. , A ; Brindle, D. , 2008, 50 hurts, 60 visits failures that led to the decease of Baby P , The Guardian, Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/ /baby-p-child-protection-haringey ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Ferguson, H. , 2004, Protecting kids in Time: kid maltreatment, Child Protection and Consequences of Modernity, London: Palgrave McMillan. Howe, D. , 2005, Child Abuse and Neglect: Attachment, Development and Intervention, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Lamey, R. , A ; Rattray, M. , 2009, The Shetland Guide to GIRFEC , GIRFEC Project Team, Available at: www.shetland.gov.uk/socialwork-health/ /1GuidetoGIRFEC.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Norton, C. , 1999, The sad life, inexorable decease and awful treachery of Aliyah, 13 , independent.co.uk, Available at: www.independent.co.uk aˆ?A NewsA aˆ?A UKA aˆ?A Home News ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . NSPCC, 2010a, The kid protection system in the UK , National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children, Available at: www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/ /child_protection_system_wdf76008.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . NSPCC, 2010b, An debut to child protection statute law in the UK , National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children, Available at: www.nspcc.org.uk/ /child_protection_legislation_in_the_uk_pdf_wdf48953.pdf ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Unity Injustice, 2005, A Child Protection System so secret it Kill s , Available at: www.unity-injustice.co.uk/child_victims.htm ( accessed February 28, 2011 ) . Wilson, K. , A ; James, A. , 2007, The kid Protection Handbook, London: Bailliere Tindall Ward, H. , 1998, Using a Child development Model to measure the results of Social Work Interventions with Families , Children and Society, 12 ( 3 ) : 202-211. Appendixs Appendix 1 Child Protection Case Conference Based on the Jones Scenario. ( To see to what extent the demands of John, Emma and David are being met ) . The Jones Family: background January 2010 The Jones household late moved out of a council level in metropolis to little town rural country. They are fighting to pay the mortgage on their two sleeping rooms level. There is no outside drama country, and the level is accessed via outside stepss. Mark Dad- 25 old ages old. Mark has a condemnable record as a young person wrongdoer. He has a history of domestic maltreatment and is set abouting an anger direction plan. He is employed as an HGV driver. He has a big drawn-out household. Mark s background is working category with hapless socio-economic fortunes. Sue Florists chrysanthemum 21years old. At age 15 Sue had postpartum depression which was non recognized. She has a hapless relationship with her ain parents. They are really flush ; Sue s female parent continually expressed her letdown in Sue when she was turning up and does non O.K. of her relationship with Mark. Sue has neer worked she is pregnant with her 3rd kid. John Son ( of Mark and Sue ) 6 old ages old John has terrible fond regard issues. He is exhibiting behavioral troubles and has a important address hold. He has been identified as necessitating Additional Support for Learning. Emma Daughter ( of Mark and Sue ) 4 old ages old Emma is the favoured kid. She is an easy kid to care for and loves traveling to the babys room where it has been noted that she is developmentally advanced. She has a really good relationship with her pa. The Scenario: sequence of events Scenario January 2010 John starts at the local primary holding transferred from a big school in the metropolis. He is in a composite category of 5 and 6 twelvemonth olds and he is one of the oldest. John has a important address hold. March 2010 Records for John have been requested from his old school but have still to get. Meanwhile, his instructor, Mrs Smith is holding trouble pull offing John s behavior. He is really demanding of single attending and if this is non forthcoming he becomes really angry. He throws things around the schoolroom and over the past two hebdomads has hit three younger kids. He has besides kicked his instructor. He has been reported for shrinkage and has been grounded by his parents for bad behavior. His choler is exacerbated because he has trouble in pass oning. Extra information April 2010 David was born prematurely last month, and was little for gestational age. He is hard to feed and is really flatulent. He cries a batch and is now 3 hebdomads old. Following the birth of David, Mary the wellness visitant has visited the household place to offer support and advice to Sue. Sue present as tired, level and listless. The house is disorganised. Sue tells Mary that David is a truly hard babe to feed and that he cries invariably. Mark can non assist as his occupation takes him off from the household place for drawn-out periods of clip. On the rare occasions he is at place, he is tired, cranky and sleeps a batch. The state of affairs in the place is non helped by the changeless demands of John. However Emma is co-operative happy and helps her female parent around the place and with the babe.

Drugs in Sport Essays

Drugs in Sport Essays Drugs in Sport Essay Drugs in Sport Essay Essay Topic: 8th Grade Sport is so much a part of daily life for so many Australians. An Australian child is brought up to idolise their sporting heroes and to pursue the sport itself. It is devastating to think that maybe our sporting heroes are cheats. Today students are being pressured to perform at higher levels to make the first team, representative side or a sporting scholarship at a Greater Public Schools (GPS) which then could lead to the opportunity to make a break into the professional sporting teams.With the increase of drug use young players start thinking that taking performance enhancing drugs is necessary to ‘make it’. The competition in sports is so fierce it amounts to a huge build up on players and teams to perform, including the pressure from big business asking for ‘more’ because the more the players can give and entertain crowds means that demand for the game will rise which in turn means more money at the gates. The power and influence of Australian sport can be seen in its net worth â€Å"Sport in Australia generated a net income of $8. billion in 2004/2005†. The organisations that are running ‘Game Day’ have only one objective and that is to keep the broadcaster and punters happy and paying money, if this happens the businesses are happy. This is a vicious cycle for agencies who are trying to stop drug doping in sport, because businesses are so money hungry they feel no need to invest in the athletes welfare. More testing needs to be implemented for GPS athletes and they need to be educated that you can still be the best without cheating.Currently no Anti-doping policy exists in Toowoomba Grammar or the GPS schools, the purpose of this document is to outline the need for an Anti-doping policy and make some practical suggestions. Within the last year the Australian Crime Commission has had some major findings involving the use of prohibited substances such a peptides, growth hormones, and ill icit drugs, they now know that these drugs are wide spread throughout Australian sport, Ex-ASADA chairman Richard Ings says â€Å"its the blackest day in Australian sport†. Sports are constantly changing because of the improved ability, performance and technology that have been developed.Take Rugby Union as an example, rules are constantly modified each year and the use of technology in training and equipment has advanced dramatically to improve players performance on and off the field. Doping in sport is also constantly changing within the sports to become more and more advanced and easier to consume but harder to trace. It is a continual race against the agencies who are trying to stop drug use and the sellers. Where do we draw the line for performance enhancing ? There are similarities between the new technologies and training methods, and what drugs can achieve.Such as training at altitude or taking erythropoietin. Some of these differences will also remain arguable, but with improved technology laboratories are catching up with the dopers to find the ‘cheats’. There are many different methods to detect drugs that have been introduced into the body, they can be detected in urine, blood, other body fluids, and in hair. The most commonly used test is urinalysis. Athletes are asked for a sample of urine, a supervisor will watch and collect the sample to eliminate the chance of a sample switch.Chemical tests are then carried out on the urine sample which will then determine the presence of an illegal drug itself or the chemical produced during the breakdown of the drug in the body. With an increase in the number of hi-tech laboratories they are able to test a number of samples in different ways to gain the most accurate reading. Also more players being able to be tested will give the most accurate results. This has had a number of positive outcomes, but it is still believed that this is a poor indicator as to how prevalent doping actually i s.The recognition of those elite athletes that have tested positive does not mean that the ‘war on doping’ is being won because it is impossible to estimate how many athletes are actually still taking drugs but getting away with it. There are many different drug agencies trying to stop the use of these illicit substances, organizations such as Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)and Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) have many different anti-doping policies to prevent drug use in elite sport.As well as the Australian Crime Commission who are out trying to prevent substances getting into Australia’s top sports, but none of them concentrate on the issue of drugs within school sport. The following document will present a number of recommendations about anti-doping that could be adopted into the GPS sporting competitions which is one of Queensland’s major school sporting competitions. I believe that th e neglect towards drug testing will lead to further drug use in the future and the continual development of new drugs will compound this issue in professional sport.It is very important to introduce the anti-doping policy into the GPS system so that our future generations will be prevented from drug use before they get into elite sport. Pressure to perform and succeed is one of the main causes of using banned substances, pressure such as making the first team or for the team to be more competitive within the GPS competition. This is taken very seriously throughout the 9 schools, also the hand out of school scholarships to outstanding players in their sporting field or even social factors like body image.There is decent evidence that schools are being affected by drugs, such as the incident that that occurred at the Nudgee College campus, Nudgee is a part of the GPS and is one of the state’s elite sporting schools. On Tuesday (30th April 2013) â€Å"Two students at St Josephà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Nudgee College, aged 16 and 17, were arrested on Tuesday on charges of possession and supply of steroids. Both were expelled. – College Principal Daryl Hanly said the arrests were not linked to the school’s highly-touted athletic program. This example of the presence of drugs within such a notable school shows us how the schools actually deal with drugs, even though the Principal says that the drugs are not linked to the school’s athletic program and that the boys consuming the drugs were purely for body image to further their underwear modelling career. Because there has been some use of drugs within a school there must be action by ASADA, highlighting the need to introduce school sports into their anti-doping policy and investigations. At the moment the only measures in place is that of School Sports Australia saying. School Sport Australia condemns the use of any prohibited substances and methods in sport by students participating in its programs as it is contrary to the ethics of sport and potentially harmful to the health of athletes†. There is nothing towards investigating whether the teams are using drugs or not, School Sports Australia are saying no, but that is not enough an assumption can be made from the evidence provided that students are out there using illicit drugs to enhance their performance and are not being found out.If any Anti-Doping policies were to be put in place in the GPS I believe there are two main recommendations that I consider essential to an Anti-Doping Policy. The first recommendation that should be considered when introducing an Anti-Doping policy into the GPS of Queensland should be drug testing. I believe it should follow along the same lines as Australian Sports Commission Anti-Doping Policy. Testing Procedure: Testing should only apply to athletes that have been selected to compete in a State Representative team for all GPS sports like Rugby, Swimming, and Athletics.Each athlete must com plete a medical declaration that states all prescribed drugs, counter medications, and supplements taken over the last week. Officials need to recognise if any of the substances are on the prohibited list, and ensure the athlete holds a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE). This form is then signed by the athlete, coach and official and each are given a copy of the declaration. The athletes must agree to submit and comply with testing by an Anti-Doping Organisation, this may be a urine, blood, other body fluids, and hair.Athletes will be tested only once parents have been notified, testing will then take place in the presence of the sports coach at any time. Samples collected will be laboratory tested under the same Policy as the Australian Sports Commission. If any tests are positive they notify School Sport Australia and they will impose their penalties which can be found in there Student Behaviour Team Management Procedures. Penalties which may include being banned from GPS sport, but the school will make the decision as to whether the student will be expelled or not.The second recommendation that should be considered when introducing an Anti-Doping policy should be aimed towards creating awareness in schools through education. All Students from Year 8 to Year 12 must have a class during the sporting season. Athletes that are selected into the GPS teams must be re-educated. Education: All GPS schools must meet and agree on an Anti-Doping curriculum content and implementation time table. The curriculum must include the awareness of: * The health risks involved in drug use Cheating and by taking drugs you are gaining an unfair advantage * The consequence of being caught doping I will use the Individual level of Figueroa’s framework to justify why I have considered testing procedures as one my recommendations that need to be in place for GPS schools. The individual level is very personalised and involves our own attitudes, values and beliefs. The factors tha t influence a student to take drugs at the individual level is pressure to perform at a high level. They become targeted by the dealers and the access to drugs becomes more prevalent.To use the Cranbrook School boy as an example, he knowingly took steroids but because there were no anti-doping testing procedures in place he then thought that it was fine to be a cheat, because he didn’t believe he would get caught. If all young sportsmen were randomly being tested and they knew from the first declaration form that they signed that what they are taking is or isn’t prohibited. This will eliminate taking drugs. The first recommendation will not rid us of the pressure or accessibility but more so deter from such factors.It does not seem very stereotypical for a GPS student to be taking drugs for it goes against all GPS schools beliefs and culture of sportsmanship and honesty. This is why I have chosen my second recommendation to be education. The Cultural level of Figueroaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s framework is concerned with the assumptions, norms and values within the GPS culture, as I have mentioned before the stereotypical GPS student when educated with the recommendation in place would have been taught to say no to drugs and doping, hence reinforcing the schools moral values.Supported by the recent press article, â€Å"Schools urged to spell out risks of sports drugs† The Age May 18 2013. The reasoning behind selecting only the athletes that made a representative side comes down to cost, and effort. It would be too difficult to test every student who makes a firsts side and it would cost too much and the extensive paper work would be too much for any sports administrator. By educating all grades from years 8-12 it fills in the gaps of the first recommendation.Gymnastics is said to be the ‘clean sport’ having only 3 Olympic doping cases, all of which have said to be accidental where the gymnast has taken medication unknown to the fact that they are a banned substance. I believe that the gymnastics have such little doping cases because â€Å"98 percent of the athlete members are under 18 years of age. † Because of the younger age, gymnasts coaches have to go through a criminal background check to be allowed to coach, and parents are much more involved in the gymnasts sporting decisions. â€Å"parents are to be given the highest degree of onfidence that their children are not only receiving good care and proper instruction, but also are safe from negative and improper conduct. † With the amount of care that is given to the gymnasts it shows that the constant cycle between parents and coaches reduces the amount of doping in the sport. In my experience in school sport I can say that this relationship between parents and coaches also exists, with the coaches usually being teachers who have all been through background checks to get the job at the prestigiious GPS school.So why are we still seeing drugs used in sch ools? I have confidence that the reason for this is because there is no testing in place and their athletes are not scared or threatened about the risk of taking the drugs because they feel they won’t get caught. School athletes are also unaware. As a student I have not been lectured about drugs in sport and I am unaware of the consequences and risks of taking drugs. I believe the two recommendations I have made, implementing a testing procedure and educating students should be introduced at Toowoomba Grammar School and all GPS schools.Through greater awareness of the moral values together with a serious threat of being caught through testing and the resultant penalties, drug use at school will be prevented. I believe if students from Year 8 start to learn that taking performance enhancing drugs is wrong then by the time they have reached a professional level they are very aware of the policies and less inclined to use drugs and suffer the consequences. Alarming statistics su ch as these quoted below form research conducted in America would be prevented with the adoption of the proposed recommendations. Monitoring the Future† study revealed that there has been a significant rise in the number of  steroids  among the school age children community from 1991-2002. In this survey, 22 percent of 8th graders, 33. 2 percent of 10th graders, and 46. 1 percent of 12th graders said that it is â€Å"fairly easy† for them to obtain  steroids.

What German Learners Need to Know About the Genitive Case

What German Learners Need to Know About the Genitive Case This article  examines some of the finer points concerning the use of the Genitive case and assumes you already know the basics. If you do not, you may want to check out The Four German Noun Cases article first. It may offer you some comfort to know that even Germans have problems with the genitive. A common error made by native-speakers of German is to use an apostrophe - English-style - in possessive forms. For instance, they will often write â€Å"Karl’s Buch† instead of the correct form, â€Å"Karls Buch.† Some observers claim this is an influence of English, but it is an influence that is often seen on store signs and even on the sides of trucks in Austria and Germany. For non-Germans, there are other genitive problems of more concern. While it is true that the genitive case is used less in spoken German, and its frequency even in formal, written German has declined over the last few decades, there are still many situations when mastery of the genitive is important. When you look up a noun in a German dictionary, whether bilingual or German-only, youll see two endings indicated. The first indicates the genitive ending, the second is the plural ending or form. Here are two examples for the noun  Film: Film, der; -(e)s, -e  /  Ã‚  Film  m  -(e)s, -e The first entry is from a paperback all-German dictionary. The second is from a large German-English dictionary. Both tell you the same thing: The gender of  Film  is masculine (der), the genitive form is  des Filmes  or  des Films  (of the film) and the plural is  die Filme  (films, movies). Since feminine nouns in German dont have any genitive ending, a dash indicates no ending:  Kapelle, die; -, -n. The genitive form of most neuter and masculine nouns in German is fairly predictable, with an -sor -es  ending. (Almost all nouns ending in  s,  ss,  ÃƒÅ¸,  sch,  z  or  tz  must end with -es  in the genitive.) However, there are some nouns with unusual genitive forms. Most of these irregular forms are masculine nouns with a genitive -n  ending, rather than -s  or -es. Most (but not all) words in this group are weak masculine nouns that take an -n  or -en  ending in the  accusative  and  dative  cases, plus some neuter nouns. Here are a few examples: der Architekt  -  des Architekten  (architect)der Bauer  -  des Bauern  (farmer, peasant)der Friede(n) -  des Friedens  (peace)der Gedanke  -  des Gedankens  (thought, idea)der Herr  -  des Herrn  (sir, gentleman)das Herz  -  des Herzens  (heart)der Klerus  -  des Klerus  (clergy)der Mensch  -  des Menschen  (person, human)der Nachbar  -  des Nachbarn  (neighbor)der Name  -  des Namens  (name) See a full list of  special masculine nouns  that take unusual endings in the genitive and other cases in our  German-English Glossary of Special Nouns. Before we take an even closer look at the genitive case, lets mention one area of the genitive that is mercifully simple: the genitive  adjective endings. For once, at least one aspect of German grammar is plain and simple! In genitive phrases, the adjective ending is (almost) always -en, as in  des roten Autos  (of the red car),  meiner teuren Karten  (of my expensive tickets) ordieses neuen Theaters  (of the new theater). This adjective-ending rule applies to any gender and the plural in the genitive, with almost any form of the definite or indefinite article, plus  dieser-words. The very few exceptions are usually adjectives that are normally not declined at all (some colors, cities):  der Frankfurter Bà ¶rse  (of the Frankfurt stock exchange). The genitive -en  adjective ending is the same as in the dative case. If you look at our  Adjective Dative and Accusative  Endings  page, the genitive adjective endings are identical to those shown for the dative case. This applies even to genitive phrases without an article:  schweren Herzens  (with a heavy heart). Now lets continue with our look at some additional exceptions to the normal genitive endings for some neuter and masculine nouns. No Genitive Ending The genitive ending is omitted with: Many foreign words -  des Atlas, des Euro  (but also  des Euros),  die Werke des BarockMost foreign geographical names -  des High Point, die Berge des Himalaja  (or  des Himalajas)Days of the week, months -  des Montag, des Mai  (but also  des Maies/Maien),  des JanuarNames with titles (ending on title only) -  des Professors Schmidt, des amerikanischen Architekten Daniel Libeskind, des Herrn MaierBut...  des Doktor (Dr.) Mà ¼ller  (Dr. considered part of the name) Formulaic Genitive Expressions The genitive is also used in some common idiomatic or formulaic expressions in German (which are not usually translated into English with of). Such phrases include: eines Tages  - one day, some dayeines Nachts  - one night (note irreg. genitive form)eines kalten Winters  - one cold wintererster Klasse fahren  - to travel in first classletzten Endes  - when all is said and donemeines Wissens  - to my knowledgemeines Erachtens  - in my opinion/view UsingVonInstead of the Genitive Case In colloquial German, especially in certain dialects, the genitive is usually replaced by a  von-phrase or (particulary in Austria and southern Germany) with a possessive pronoun phrase:  der/dem Erich sein Haus  (Erichs house),  die/der Maria ihre Freunde  (Marias friends). In general, the use of the genitive in modern German is viewed as fancy language, more often used at a higher, more formal language register or style than that used by the average person. But the genitive is preferred in place of a  von-phrase when it may have a dual or ambiguous meaning. The dative phrase  von meinem Vater  can mean either of my father or from my father. If the speaker or writer wants to avoid possible confusion in such cases, the use of the genitive  des Vaters  would be preferable. Below youll find some guidelines regarding the use of  von-phrases as a genitive substitute: The genitive is often replaced by a  von-phrase... to avoid repetition:  der Schlà ¼ssel von der Tà ¼r des Hausesto avoid awkward language situations:  das Auto von Fritz  (rather than the old-fashioned  des Fritzchens  or  Fritz Auto)in spoken German:  der Bruder von Hans, vom Wagen  (if the meaning is clear) The genitive  must  be replaced by a  von-phrase with... pronouns:  jeder von uns,  ein Onkel von ihra single noun without an article or declined adjective:  ein Geruch von Benzin,  die Mutter von vier Kindernafter  viel  or  wenig:  viel von dem guten Bier As  mentioned in this article about prepositions that take the genitive case, even here the dative seems to be replacing the genitive in everyday German. But the genitive is still a vital part of German grammarand it delights native speakers when non-native speakers use it correctly.

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(Dingledine, Borges, Bowie, Traynelis, 7-61) (Lodge, Johnson, 81-86) (Meller, 435-436)   By X-ray crystallography, the NMDA recep tors have an heterodimer subunits, which are involved in the binding of agonists and antagonists like Ketamine. (Hirota, Lambert, 441-444)This channel complex contributes to excitatory synaptic transmission at sites throughout the brain and the spinal cord, and is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. (Rabben, Skljelbred, Oye, 1060-1066)   NMDA receptors play a key role in a wide range of physiologic and pathologic processes. (Hoffman, Coppejans, Vercauteren, Adriemsen, 240-242) (Klepstadt, Maurset, Moberg, Oye, 513-518) (Coderre, Katz, Vaccarino, Melzack, 259-285) Ketamine is primarily a non-competitive antagonist, which opens in response to binding of glutamate. This NMDA receptor mediates the reduction of pain effects of ketamine at low doses. (Lofwall, Griffiths, Mintzer, 439-449)Evidence for this is reinforced by the fact that naxolone, an opioid antagonist, does not reverse the analgesia. Studies also seem to indicate that ketamine is ‘use depend ent' meaning it only initiates its blocking action once a glutamate binds to the NMDA receptor. (Sorensen, Bengtsson, Ahlner, Henriksson, Ekselius et al., 1615-1621)   At high level doses, ketamine has also been found to bind to opioid mu receptors and sigma receptors. Thus, loss of consciousness that occurs may be partially due to binding at the opioid mu and sigma receptors. (Lonnqvist, Norton, 617-621)(Menigaux, Fletcher, Dupont, Guignard, Guirimand, et al. 129-135) (Koppert, Sittl, Scheuber, Alsheimer, Schmelz, 152-159) (Bushell, Endoh, Simen, Ren, Bindokas, 55-64)Works CitedMayer DJ, Mao J, Holt J, Price DD. Cellular Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain, Morphin Tolerance, and their Interactions. Proc. Natl Acac. Sci. USA. 1999, 96(14): 7731-7736.Collingridge G, Singer W. Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors and Synaptic Plasticity. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990 11: 290-296.Dickenson AH. A cure for wind-up: NMDA receptor antagonists as potential analgesics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990 11: 30 7-309Dickenson AH, Chapman V and Green GM. The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord. Gen Pharmacol 1997 28: 633-638Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, (2000), pp.178-180Connolly CN, Wafford KA. The Cys-Loop Superfamily of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels – the Impact of Receptor Structure on Function. Biochemical Society Transactions (2004) Vol. 32: 529-534.Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Taynelis SF. The Glutamate Receptors Ion Channels. Pharmacology Reviews, 1999 51(1): 7-61Lodge D and Johnson KM. Non-Competitive Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990 11: 81-86Meller ST. Ketamine: Relief from Chronic Pain through Actions at the NMDA Receptor? Pain   1996 68: 435-436Hirota K, Lambert DG. Ketamine: Its Mechanism (s) of Action and its Unusual Clinical Uses. Br. J. Anesth. 1996, 77(4):441-444.Rabben T, Skjel bred P, Oye I. Prolonged Analgesic Effects of Ketamine, an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Inhibitor, in Patients with Chronic Pain. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Pharmaceutics. 1999, 289(2):1060-1066.Hoffmann V, Coppejans H, Vercauteren M and Adriaemsen H Successful Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia with Oral Ketamine. 1994 Clin J Pain 10: 240-242Klepstad P, Maurset A, Moberg ER and Oye I Evidence for a Role for NMDA Receptors in Pain Perception. Eur J Pharmacol   1990 187: 513-518Coderre TJ, Katz J, Vaccarino AL and Melzack R.   Contribution of Central Neuroplasticity to Pathological Pain: A Review of Clinical and Experimental Evidence. 1993 Pain 52: 259-285.Lofwall MR, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Cognitive and Subjective Acute Dose Effects of Intramuscular Ketamine in Healthy Adults. Ex. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2006), 14(4):439-449Sorensen J, Bengtsson A, Ahlner J, Henriksson KG, Ekselius L and Bengtsson M.   Fibromyalgia. Are there different mechanisms in the processing of pain? A double Blind Crossover Comparison of analgesic Drugs. 1997 J Rheumatol 24: 1615-1621Lonnqvist PA, Norton NS. Pediatric Day-Case Anesthesia and Pain Control.   Curr. Opin. Anaest. (2006), 19(6): 617-621.Menigaux C, Fletcher D, Dupont X, Guignard B, Guirimand F, Chauvin M. The Benefits of Intraoperative Small-Dose Ketamine on Postoperative Pain after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair. Anesth. Analg. 2000 90(1): 129-135Koppert W, Sittl R, Scheuber K,Alsheimer M, Schmeltz M, Schuttler J. Differential Modulation of Remifentanil-Induced Analgesia and Post-Infusion Hyperalgesia by S-Ketamine and Clonidine in Humans. Anesthesiology. 2003, 99(1): 152-159.Bushell T, Endoh T, Simen AA, Ren D, Bindokas VP, Miller RJ. Molecular Components of Tolerance to Opiates In Single Hippocampal Neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 2002, 61(1): 55-64.